COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Possible conflicts of interest must be disclosed at time of submission. The HbA1c fraction is abnormally elevated in chronic hyperglycemic diabetic patients and correlates positively with glycemic control. NLM Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Family Physicians. The ICET-A Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Disturbances of Glucose Homeostasis in Thalassemia Major Patients. Pruss A, Salama A, Ahrens N, Hansen A, Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Dorner T. Immune hemolysis–serological and clinical aspects. Want to use this article elsewhere? 6. Dhaliwal G, Cornett PA, Tierney LM Jr. Hemolytic anemia. The A1C test goes by many other names, including glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C and HbA1c. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Mealtime 50/50 basal + prandial insulin analogue mixture with a basal insulin analogue, both plus metformin, in the achievement of target HbA1c and pre- and postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multinational, 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison. Occasionally, severe hemolysis ensues in the presence of sufficient antibody production,3 as was the case with our patient. Specimens from patients with polycythemia or postsplenectomy may exhibit increased HBA1c values due to a somewhat longer lifespan of the erythrocytes. She had taken alpha-methyldopa (250 mg twice daily) for 18 months before the current evaluation. To further highlight the clinical relevance of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, we present an interesting case of hemolysis leading to a diagnostic enigma. Can your a1c be wrong? JAMA 1968;203:149-51. If you have iron-deficiency anemia, your A1C examination results might be falsely high. Methyldopa-induced autoantibodies against red blood cells. The editors may edit letters to meet style and space requirements. HbA1c is the product of the non-enzymatic chemical reaction of Hb with glucose. N Engl J Med 1967;276:658-65. The higher the level of circulating glucose the higher the percentage of HbA1c will be formed, in turn, an average estimated glucose level (… Dapsone therapy for Sweet syndrome was initiated immediately before the reduction in the hemoglobin concentration. The prompt reversibility after withdrawal of methyldopa therapy resembles the same phenomenon seen in other autoantibody anemia induced by infectious mechanisms. This difference was statistically significant (p0.02). And although iron-deficiency anemia makes the A1c go up, hemolytic anemias make the A1c go down. Blood Rev 1988;2:36-42. The history of methyldopa therapy in this particular patient made hemolytic anemia a distinct probability, which may have accounted for her “exceedingly good” glycemic control. Signs and symptoms of drug-induced hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of hemolytic anemia. Pallor, pale coloring of the skin 4. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated hemoglobin formed by the non‐enzymatic attachment of glucose to the N‐terminal valine of the β‐chain of hemoglobin 1. Once the antigenic epitope is no longer produced, the hemolysis process ceases over a period of four weeks to four months (equivalent to one red-cell life span).6. What blood sugar markers are reliable? A patient scenario is presented with an A1c in normal range, although this patient’s diabetes was found to be poorly controlled. Immeasurable glycosylated haemoglobin: a marker for severe haemolysis. Pernicious anemia – an autoimmune disease that impairs the gut’s ability to absorb B12 – is the most common anemia in type 1 diabetes. Case presented involves a 72-year-old patient with history of diabetes and possible iatrogenic-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia. However, there are different conditions that lead to a shortened lifespan of erythrocytes, resulting in falsely low HbA1C value. During that time period, glucose in the blood permanently binds to the hemoglobin in the RBC by the Amadori rearrangement forming HbA1c from the wild type (or typical) HbA. This series is coordinated by Kenny Lin, MD, MPH, Associate Deputy Editor for AFP Online. Hemolytic anemia is any kind of anemia that destroys the red blood cells, as this reduces the lifespan of the cells and hence results in abnormally low A1cs. Thus, HbA1C may be a screening test for hemolysis in non-diabetic patients with hemolytic anemia, but in diabetic population with hemolytic disease it is considered to be a very poor marker for both, overall glycemia and haemolysis. 3. Acquired hemolytic anemia is not something you are born with. Epub 2008 Nov 18. Conditions such as acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and splenomegaly can … This site needs JavaScript to work properly.  |  Every person has a distinct blood type (A, B, AB, or O). Abnormally low-HbA1c reading can be expected under conditions such as rapid loss of glycemic control [332,333], conditions that decrease erythrocyte lifespan such as hemolytic anemia [325], liver cirrhosis [334,335], hemorrhage, chronic kidney disease [336–339], variant hemoglobin [320,322,340], and hemoglobin in neonates [341,342]. To see the full article, log in or purchase access. The current recommendation for glycemic control based on HbA1c values has been widely accepted. Methyldopa-induced autoantibodies against red blood cells.  |  Include your complete address, e-mail address, and telephone number. Artefactually low HbA1C may be associated to conditions with decreased erythrocyte survival, such as hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, autoimmune or drug-induced hemolytic anemias, and acute or chronic blood. Carstairs KC, Breckenridge A, Dollery CT, Worlledge SM. A normal A1C measurement is less than 5.7%, while people with prediabetes have an A1C measurement of 5.7% to 6.4%, and people with diabetes have an A1C measurement of 6.5% or Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200307. Lancet 1966;2:133-5. This is because glucose accumulates on hemoglobin as the red blood cells circulate. 7(April 1, 2005) [Clinical features and laboratory data analysis of decreased glycosylated hemoglobin related to hemolytic disease]. This content is owned by the AAFP. The A1C test is a common blood test used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes and to monitor how well you're managing your diabetes. 2007 Nov;29(11):2349-64. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.11.016. Methyldopa-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a recognized cause of warm-antibody immune hemolysis. Thus, HbA1C may be a screening test for hemolysis in non-diabetic patients with hemolytic anemia, but in diabetic population with hemolytic disease it is considered to be a very poor marker for both, overall glycemia and haemolysis. Red blood cells develop in the bone marrow, which is the sponge-like tissue inside your bones. Nonetheless, a dramatic improvement trend of glycemic control over the preceding year was reflected by her recent A1C values. De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Elsedfy H, Yaarubi SA, Skordis N, Khater D, El Kholy M, Stoeva I, Fiscina B, Angastiniotis M, Daar S, Kattamis C. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. • The shortened RBC life span led to a false low A1c. After discontinuation of methyldopa therapy, the patient’s hemoglobin level increased from 9.1 to 13.3 g per dL (91 to 133 g per L; normal range: 11.5 to 14.3 g per dL [115 to 143 g per L]) over the course of eight weeks, accompanied by decrement of reticulocyte count (from 19 to 4.5 percent) and normalization of plasma haptoglobin concentration (less than 20 to 35 mg per dL [0.20 to 0.35 g per L]; normal range: 33 to 171 mg per dL [0.33 to 1.71 g per dL]). As the lifespan of erythrocytes is normal in sickle-cell trait, selection of an appropriate assay should produce valid HbA1c results. The dosage was increased to 1 g per day over the previous 10 months. The HbA1c results are used to provide an estimation of the patient’s glycemic control over the last two to three months, assuming the RBCs have an average circulating lifespan of 120 days. Blood Rev 1988;2:36-42. Your body normally destroys old or faulty red blood cells in the spleen or other parts of your body through a process called hemolysis.Hemolytic anemia occurs when you have a low number of red blood cells due to too much hemolysis in the body.. A significantly higher variance was observed in the anaemia group (0.79 vs. 0.64). Interestingly, the "satisfactory" glycemic control index in our patient warned of a shortened red-cell life span, rather than providing a reassuring sign to her physician. / Vol. afpserv@aafp.org for copyright questions and/or permission requests. Contact A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Don't miss a single issue. Over the past two years, her glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) values ranged from 6.4 to 8.3 percent (normal range: 5.1 to 6.4 percent) with a stable insulin regimen. N Engl J Med 1967;276:658-65. / Journals Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, or AIHA, is a rare type of anemia.When you have anemia, your bone marrow doesn't make enough red blood cells.Or these cells don't work as well as they should. JAMA 1968;203:149-51. Hemolytic anemia, blood loss, pregnancy, and some medications reduce the average red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, leading to reduced HbA1c concentrations . doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2016.058. 2019 Feb 14;40(2):137-140. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.02.008. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. One of the most severe forms of hemolytic anemia is the kind caused by receiving a red blood cell transfusion of the wrong blood type. Evidence of a threshold value of glycated hemoglobin to improve the course of renal function in type 2 diabetes with typical diabetic glomerulopathy. Previous studies suggest that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects the levels of HbA1c. Incidence of a positive direct coombs test in patients on alpha-methyldopa. Hemolytic anemia leads to the reduced lifespan of red blood cells (RBC), and IDA prolongs it; as a result, there occurs the discrepancy in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) . 1 - 3 Formation of red-cell autoantibodies has … The measurement of HbA1C is widely used for the monitoring and management of diabetes mellitus. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Aug 8;2013:bcr2013200307. A new unstable hemoglobin (Hb) variant, named Hb Aalesund, was detected during Hb A1c measurement in a patient with a nearly compensated hemolytic anemia. Many people have just one kind of hemoglobin, called hemoglobin A. In patients with certain hemoglobinopathies and with chemically modified derivatives of Hb, falsely decreased or increased HbA1C results may be found depending on the particular assay meth… Home 3. LoBuglio AF, Jandl JH. When the mean erythrocyte lifespan is decreased such as with hemolytic anemia hemoglobin A-1C is decreased because of the reduced RBC exposure time for glycation. Despite A1C values as low as 3.9 percent, she denied having hypoglycemic symptoms and reported self-monitored blood glucose measurements of 108 to 144 mg per dL (6 to 8 mmol per L) while fasting and a postprandial value of less than 162 mg per dL (9 mmol per L). Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. 2009 Jun;30(6):525-7. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.10.010. USA.gov. Immediate, unlimited access to all AFP content. Even without any pathology present, a 2008 study found that HbA1 c levels vary between hematologically normal individuals based on the heterogeneous range of RBC lifespan. Assessment of glycemia in diabetes mellitus: hemoglobin A1c. However, HbA1c values depend on the lifespan of erythrocytes and the assay methods used. Carstairs KC, Breckenridge A, Dollery CT, Worlledge SM. Methyldopa-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a recognized cause of warm-antibody immune hemolysis.1-3 Formation of red-cell autoantibodies has been observed in up to 10 to 20 percent of patients receiving methyldopa therapy.4,5 Presumably, alpha-methyldopa alters antigens on red blood cells and makes the proteins of the cell membrane Rhesus complex immunogenic, leading to the formation of red-cell antibodies. If you have an unusual kind of hemoglobin (called a hemoglobin variation), your A1C test outcome might be wrongly high or wrongly reduced. Dhaliwal G, Cornett PA, Tierney LM Jr. Hemolytic anemia. Fatigue, t… 5. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Clin Ther. Another condition that affects hemoglobin A1c levels is anemia. In my practice, about 30-40% of my patients have some degree of anemia, so this is not an uncommon problem. Letters should be fewer than 400 words and limited to six references, one table or figure, and three authors. Conditions such as acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and splenomegaly can all cause falsely lowered A1c results. Inherited hemolytic anemia means that parents pass the gene for the condition on to their children. A 59-year-old woman was evaluated for diabetes mellitus and hypertension in our outpatient clinic. An elevated reticulocyte count (19 percent) and characteristic features of anemia, polychromasia, and spherocytosis were evident. Send letters to afplet@aafp.org, or 11400 Tomahawk Creek Pkwy., Leawood, KS 66211-2680. It reflects the average amount of … Your symptoms may include: 1. Jaundice, yellowing of the skin 2. LoBuglio AF, Jandl JH. Overview Hemoglobin a1C Normal Value Range Pathophysiology Special considerations Elevated values Decreased values Nursing Points General Normal value 5.6-7.5% Pathophysiology After a prolonged exposure to glucose molecules, HGB binds to glucose RBC life is 90-120 days Blood test measures average amount of HGB bound to glucose Measured as a percentage Goals – <5% for non-diabetics […]  |  Case presented involves a 72-year-old patient with history of diabetes and possible iatrogenic-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Red blood cells have a finite lifespan in the circulation. Factors that affect interpretation of HbA1c Results: Any condition that shortens … [Inappropriate low glycated hemoglobin and hemolysis]. Furthermore, hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia can interfere with the HbA1 c assay and produce misleading results that are either too high or too low. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. People who are anemic have short-lived red blood cells, so like diabetics, they will test with falsely low A1c levels. You develop the condition later. Clin Exp Med 2003;3:55-64. Murphy WG, Kelton JG. Copyright © 2005 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. ... 2. Sign up for the free AFP email table of contents. Incidence of a positive direct coombs test in patients on alpha-methyldopa. 2005 Apr;53:299-305. This effect will depend upon the severity of the anemia. Hemolytic Anemia Manifesting as Improved A1C Values. Dark (tea or cola-colored) urine 3. eCollection 2016. 1. NIH Robbins DC, Beisswenger PJ, Ceriello A, Goldberg RB, Moses RG, Pagkalos EM, Milicevic Z, Jones CA, Sarwat S, Tan MH. to the editor: I read with interest the article1 on hemolytic anemia by Dr. Dhaliwal and colleagues. For every 1% decrease in A1c, there is … 4. Autoimmune hemolysis was supported further by the positive direct Coombs’ test, demonstrating the agglutination of the patient’s red blood cells with anti-IgG antisera but not with complement component (anti-C3 sera). The nature of the alpha-methyldopa red-cell antibody. Letters submitted for publication in AFP must not be submitted to any other publication. HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose levels in the previous 2–3 months 2, and is a more convenient measurement than fasting plasma glucose, as it does not require fasting. Brocco E, Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, Abaterusso C, Bruseghin M, Carraro A, Sambataro M, Piarulli F, Sfriso A, Nosadini R. J Assoc Physicians India. In cases of hemolytic anemia, the lifetime of erythrocytes is shortened and will result in decreased HBA1c results. Submission of a letter will be construed as granting the AAFP permission to publish the letter in any of its publications in any form. A: There are several conditions that can affect A1C results because hemoglobin A1C is dependent on both the glucose levels over the last 2 to 3 months and the lifespan of the red blood cell. Also called the hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test, the A1C test is based on the addition of glucose to hemoglobin over the typical 120-day life span of … The mean HbA1c for anaemic and non-anaemic groups was 5.35% and 5.74% respectively, amounting to a 0.4 unit difference in (8%) in mean HbA1c. Glycated hemoglobin A1C reflects a mean glycemia over the preceding 3 months (erythrocyte life span). / With decreased erythropoiesis such as with iron deficiency anemia increased mean age of red blood cells increases hemoglobin A-1 C levels. • A1c reflects average blood sugars over 2 to 3 months, and through studies like DCCT and UKPDS, higher A1c levels have been shown to be associated with the risk of certain diabetes complications (eye, kidney, and nerve disease). She required regular insulin therapy for glucose control and was receiving ramipril, methyldopa, and nifedipine for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. Murad F. Immunohemolytic anemia during therapy with methyldopa. Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed faster than they are made. 2016 Oct 28;8(1):e2016058. Glyburide/metformin HCl clinical overview. Pruss A, Salama A, Ahrens N, Hansen A, Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Dorner T. Immune hemolysis–serological and clinical aspects. All rights Reserved. Get Permissions, Access the latest issue of American Family Physician. The nature of the alpha-methyldopa red-cell antibody. Lancet 1966;2:133-5. Clin Exp Med 2003;3:55-64. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:2599-606. In diabetes management, target value is set below 6.5%, to reduce the risk of chronic complications. 71/No. The interpretation of the A1c test assumes the red blood cells live an average of 120 days. / afp The A1C test measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin in the blood, which reflects average blood glucose levels over the preceding 3 months. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is an important indicator of glycemic control. Debard A, Charmion S, Ben Ameur S, Gaultier JB, Cathébras P. Rev Med Interne. The A1C test result reflects your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Murad F. Immunohemolytic anemia during therapy with methyldopa. Murphy WG, Kelton JG. HHS Am Fam Physician 2004;69:2599-606. The major form of glycohemoglobin is hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. Pernicious anemia can be dangerous because it can strain the heart and blood vessels especially hard. [1,13] In patients homozygous for a variant hemoglobin, such as patients with sickle cell anemia or hemoglobin C disease, … • The apparently healthy patient was subsequently diagnosed with hemolytic anemia, which led to a rapid turnover of red blood cells (RBCs). Hemoglobin A1c (“HbA1c” or just “A1c”) is the standard for measuring blood sugar management in people with diabetes. These symptoms vary slightly based on whether the red blood cell is broken down while in circulation (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the vascular system (predominantly liver and spleen). A recognized cause of warm-antibody immune hemolysis the assay methods used, Dollery CT, Worlledge.! 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Called hemoglobin a depend upon the severity of the complete set of features reflects blood... Clinical features and laboratory data analysis of decreased glycosylated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin called..., e-mail address, and spherocytosis were evident autoantibody anemia induced by infectious mechanisms induced by infectious mechanisms AFP... Anemia increased mean age of red blood cells live an average of 120 days increased age. Is coordinated by Kenny Lin, MD, MPH, Associate Deputy editor for AFP Online the AAFP permission publish... Have short-lived red blood cells circulate day over the previous 10 months by her recent A1c values acquired hemolytic.! Especially hard value of glycated hemoglobin to improve the course of renal function in 2... Cells increases hemoglobin A-1 C levels of hemolytic anemia her recent A1c values contact afpserv aafp.org...